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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
Time: 2:22 am
Time: 2:22 am
Results for geographical information systems (gis)
8 results foundAuthor: Armitage, Rachel Title: The Impact of the Design and Layout of Car Parking on Crime and Anti-Social Behaviour Summary: This briefing note is one of a series of themed papers which reports the findings from a collaborative project funded by the Home Office and managed by the Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (CABE). This note focuses upon the impact of the design and layout of car parking on crime and anti-social behaviour (ASB) within residential housing. The project set out to strengthen and update the evidence base on the impact of residential design on a range of crime types – with a specific focus on housing developments acclaimed for their innovative design and award winning architecture. It should be highlighted that although this briefing note is designed as a summary document, the findings and recommendations are based upon a seven month project conducted by a consortium of universities including experts within the field of designing out crime, statistical modelling, urban design and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The project was overseen by an expert Steering Group who ensured that the research was conducted to the required standards in terms of independence and methodological rigour. The main aim of the research was to establish which features of residential design impact upon crime (either positively or negatively) and whether these design features are those being promoted as good practice within planning policy and guidance. In terms of car parking, this includes questions such as: Are properties with garages safer than those without? Where garages cannot be provided, what is the safest form of parking? How safe is underground parking? What impact are planning policies designed to remove the car from the street scene having upon crime and ASB? Recent and imminent changes in both planning policy and policing provision, increase the importance of ensuring that research findings are conveyed in a clear and comprehensible format. Practitioners (with increased workloads and reduced numbers) and newly formed community and locally based bodies need to be able to extract the relevant implications and apply these to proposed developments within their area. For this reason, this series of briefing notes will not dwell on the complex methodology or detailed analysis; rather it will focus upon the key recommendations for policy and practice. Details: Huddersfield, UK: University of Huddersfield, 2011. 7p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed January 19, 2012 at: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20Car%20Parking%20on%20Crime%20and%20Anti-Social%20Behaviour.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.hud.ac.uk/media/universityofhuddersfield/content/image/research/hhs/acc/Briefing%20Notes%20-%20Car%20Parking%20on%20Crime%20and%20Anti-Social%20Behaviour.pdf Shelf Number: 123661 Keywords: Anti-Social BehaviorAutomobile TheftDesign Against CrimeGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Parking FacilitiesResidential HomesSituational Crime Prevention (U.K.)Urban Design |
Author: Malleson, Nick Title: Evaluating an Agent-Based Model of Burglary Summary: An essential part of any modelling research is to evaluate how a model performs. This paper will outline the process of evaluating a new agent-based model that is being developed to predict rates of residential burglary. The model contains a highly detailed environment which is representative of Leeds, UK. Following Castle and Crooks (2006), the process of evaluating the model will be segregated into three distinct activities: verification, calibration and validation. Verification refers to the process of establishing whether or not the model has been built correctly. This can be an extremely difficult process with complex models. Here, verification is accomplished by “plugging-in” different types of virtual environment which enables the researcher to limit environmental complexity and thus isolate the part of the model that is being tested. Following verification, calibration is the process of configuring the model parameters so that the output match some field conditions. However, this is a non-trivial task with models that are inherently spatial as it must be decided how to compare the two data sets. To this end, the paper will explore a number of spatial techniques and statistics that can be used to compare spatial data before documenting the process of calibrating the model. After calibration, it is necessary to ensure that the model has not been over-fitted to the calibration data (a process termed validation). Here, this is accomplished by running the model using environmental data from a different time period and comparing the results to the corresponding crime data. Details: Leeds, UK: School of Geography, University of Leeds, 2010. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Working Paper 10/1: Accessed January 20, 2012 at: http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/school/research/wpapers/10_1.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.geog.leeds.ac.uk/fileadmin/downloads/school/research/wpapers/10_1.pdf Shelf Number: 123684 Keywords: Crime AnalysisGeographic StudiesGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Residential BurglarySpatial Analysis |
Author: Ceccato, Vania Title: The Impact of Crime on Apartment Prices: Evidence of Stockholm, Sweden Summary: This study uses data over 9600 apartment sales in Stockholm, Sweden, to assess the impact of crime on property prices. Using two-stage analysis, the study first employs hedonic pricing modelling to estimate the impact of crime controlling for other factors (property and neighbourhood characteristics). Then, the willingness to pay is calculated for a certain property having as a function crime together with other house and area attributes. GIS is used to combine apartment sales by co-ordinates with offences, land use characteristics and demographic and socio-economic data of the population. The novelty of this research is threefold. First, it explores a set of land use attributes created by spatial techniques in GIS in combination with detailed geographical data in hedonic pricing modelling. Second, the effect of crime in neighboring zones at one place can be measured by incorporating spatial lagged variables of offence rates into the model. Third, the study provides evidence of the impact of crime on housing prices from a capital city from a welfare state country, something otherwise lacking in the international literature. Our results indicate that total crime rates showed no effect on apartment prices but when the offences were break down by types, violence, residential burglary, vandalism and robbery had individually a significant effect on property values. Details: Stockholm, Sweden: School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, 2011. 30p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2012 at: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa10p1026.html Year: 2011 Country: Sweden URL: http://ideas.repec.org/p/wiw/wiwrsa/ersa10p1026.html Shelf Number: 125966 Keywords: Crime and Housing (Sweden)Geographical Information Systems (GIS)Neighborhoods and CrimeResidential Crimes |
Author: Nobis, Elizabeth Title: Improving the Epidemiology of Alcohol-Related Violence in the City of Philadelphia Using Geospatial Analysis Summary: In the United States, alcohol related violence is a major public health problem. There is a significant amount of evidence suggesting that the density of alcohol outlets and the level of social disorganization in a neighborhood are related to levels of violent assault. Less is known about the spatial distribution of assaults surrounding these alcohol outlets including the neighborhood characteristic of vacant lots. Better understanding these spatial linkages will contribute to improvements in the public health efforts to suppress violence and morbidity. Objective: This project aims to determine whether the density of alcohol outlets in Philadelphia is associated with neighborhood levels of violence and whether this relationship is influenced by the density of vacant lots. It was then investigated how violence geographical clusters around these spaces. Methods: This study utilized police-recorded data of aggravated assaults in Philadelphia, alcohol outlet addresses in Philadelphia, and 2010 Census Bureau block group information. Descriptive statistics, regression, spatial clustering, and qualitative mapping analysis were used to identify the distribution and relationships of assaults in the city. Results: Areas with higher percentages of vacant housing in combination with high density of alcohol outlets have a positive relationship with increased levels of aggravated assaults. This effect is most evident in economically disadvantaged areas. Conclusion: There is significant evidence that aggravated assaults are spatially linked to alcohol outlets and vacant lots. Development of alcohol policy, as well as improving neighborhood environments in low-income areas will reduce alcohol-related violence and improve the safety of Philadelphia’s general public. Details: Philadelphia: Drexel University, School of Public Health, 2012. 59p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed April 25, 2013 at: http://idea.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/3946 Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://idea.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/3946 Shelf Number: 128500 Keywords: Aggravated AssaultsAlcohol-Related Crime, Disorder (Philadelphia, U.SGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Geospatial AnalysisViolenceViolent Crimes |
Author: Ratcliffe, J.H. Title: The Philadelphia Foot Patrol Experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots Summary: Originating with the Newark foot patrol experiment, research has found police foot patrols improve community perception of the police and reduce fear of crime, but are generally unable to reduce the incidence of crime. Previous tests of foot patrol have, however, suffered from statistical and measurement issues and have not fully explored potential dynamics of deterrence within micro‐spatial settings. In this paper we report on the efforts of over 200 foot patrol officers during the summer of 2009 in Philadelphia. GIS analysis was the basis for a randomized controlled trial of police effectiveness across 60 violent crime hotspots. Results identified a significant reduction in the level of treatment area violent crime after 12 weeks. A linear regression model with separate slopes fitted for treatment and control groups clarified the relationship further. Even after accounting for natural regression to the mean, target areas in the top 40% on pre‐treatment violent crime counts had significantly less violent crime during the operational period. Target areas outperformed the control sites by 23 percent, resulting in a total net effect (once displacement was considered) of 53 violent crimes prevented. The results suggest that targeted foot patrols in violent crime hotspots can significantly reduce violent crime levels as long as a threshold level of violence exists initially. The findings contribute to a growing body of evidence on the contribution of hotspots and place‐based policing to the reduction of crime, and especially violent crime, a significant public health threat in the United States. We suggest that intensive foot patrol efforts in violent hotspots may achieve deterrence at a micro‐spatial level, primarily by increasing the certainty of disruption, apprehension and arrest. The theoretical and practical implications for violence reduction are discussed. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, 2013. 25p. Source: Internet Resource: Final Draft: Accessed August 5, 2013 at: http://www.temple.edu/cj/footpatrolproject/documents/PFPE_full_paper.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.temple.edu/cj/footpatrolproject/documents/PFPE_full_paper.pdf Shelf Number: 129509 Keywords: Crime Hotspots (Philadelphia, U.S.)Crime MappingFoot PatrolGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Police PatrolViolent Crime |
Author: Yang, Xiaowen Title: Exploring the Influence of Environmental Features on Residential Burglary Using Spatial-Temporal Pattern Analysis Summary: With the help of Geographic Information Systems and statistical tools, this dissertation intends to (a) explore the spatial and temporal patterns of burglary, (b) examine the correlation between burglary and environmental variables, and (c) identify specific features of the physical environment that contribute to burglary in general and to repeat burglary and “near repeat burglary” in particular. We hypothesize that some environmental variables such as accessibility, house location on the block, and adjacent land uses have strong contributions to burglary, repeat burglary, and “near repeat” burglary propensity, despite sociodemographic neighborhood differences. To test this hypothesis, this empirical research uses a case study approach and analyzes data from the Gainesville, Florida, Police Department for residential burglaries from January 2000 to December 2003. Details: Gainesville, FL, University of Florida, 2006. 210p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed August 19, 2013 at: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0013390/yang_x.pdf Shelf Number: 129665 Keywords: Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTDesign Against CrimeGeographical Information Systems (GIS)Neighborhoods and CrimeRepeat VictimizationResidential Burglary (U.S.) |
Author: Uittenbogaard, Adriaan Cornelis Title: Clusters of Urban Crime and Safety in Transport Nodes Summary: The objective of the thesis is to provide a better understanding of the safety conditions in urban environments, particularly related to those found in transport nodes, in this case, underground stations, and surrounding areas1. First, the study starts with an analysis of the overall city, identifying concentrations of crime in the urban fabric and then focusing on the criminogenic conditions at and around underground stations. The analysis combines the use of Geographical Information Systems (GIS), statistical techniques and data of different types and sources. Regression models were used to assess the importance of the environmental attributes of underground stations on crime rates. Findings show that violent and property crimes show different hotspots at different times. Crime patterns tend to follow people�s scheduled patterns of routine activity. The socio-economic composition of the surrounding environment of the stations has a significant impact on crime at these transport nodes, but more important were attributes of the physical and social environment at the stations. For instance, low guardianship and poor visibility at the stations together with mixed land-uses in the surrounding areas induced crime rates at the stations. It is therefore suggested that intervention to improve safety conditions at the stations should focus on a holistic approach, taking into account the station and surrounding areas, but also being aware of crime variation on specific places at specific times. Details: Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and the Build Environment, Department of Real Estate and Construction Management 2013. 36p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed May 1, 2015 at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:603657/FULLTEXT02 Year: 2013 Country: Sweden URL: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:603657/FULLTEXT02 Shelf Number: 135455 Keywords: Crime Analysis Crime Hotspots Geographical Information Systems (GIS) High Crime Areas Transit Crime Transportation Urban Areas and Crime (Sweden) |
Author: Ohm, Meit Title: Geographic Profiling: A scientific tool or merely a guessing game? Summary: Geographic profiling is considered as one of the most controversial and innovative technologies used in criminal investigations today. The accuracy of the methodology has become a popular topic amongst scholars and has caused a heated debate regarding the success of geographic profiling. This study seeks to evaluate if geographic profiling is a useful tool for the police. Thus the aims of this study are to examine if the methodology is a viable tool during investigations and further to establish to what extent geographic profiling has been successfully applied within the area of property crime, in particular burglary investigations. By conducting a systematic literature review and key informant interviews this study found that geographic profiling can be a very useful tool for analysts. Further the results showed that geographic profiling systems are not always more accurate than simpler methods, however simpler strategies are not necessarily as consistent as a computerised system. Moreover the results indicate that geographic profiling can be applied during burglary investigations, if done correctly and by a trained investigator. The study concludes that geographic profiling is more than just a guessing game and if applied appropriately it will most likely identify the offender. Lastly the results and shortcomings of this study, including the need for future research is discussed. Details: Malmo: Malmö högskola/Hälsa och samhälle, 2016. 35p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed February 4, 2017 at: https://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/handle/2043/20828/Bachelorthesis.MeitOhrn.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Year: 2016 Country: Sweden URL: https://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/handle/2043/20828/Bachelorthesis.MeitOhrn.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y Shelf Number: 145873 Keywords: BurglaryCrime AnalysisCriminal InvestigationGeographic ProfilingGeographical Information Systems (GIS) |